How do you factor $x^4 - 13x^2 + 4$ ?

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Answer 1 · 2017-05-25T20:02:47

$x^4-13x^2+4 = (x-3/2-sqrt(17)/2)(x-3/2+sqrt(17)/2)(x+3/2-sqrt(17)/2)(x+3/2+sqrt(17)/2)$

This quartic can be factored as a "quadratic in $x^2$ " then taking square roots, but the resulting form of the answer is not immediately simple.

Alternatively, consider the following:

$(x^2-kx+2)(x^2+kx+2) = x^4+(4-k^2)x^2+4$

So putting $k=sqrt(17)$ , we find:

$(x^2-sqrt(17)x+2)(x^2+sqrt(17)x+2) = x^4-13x^2+4$

Using the quadratic formula, the zeros of $x^2+-sqrt(17)x+2$ are:

$(+-sqrt(17)+-sqrt(17-4(1)(2)))/(2*1) = +-sqrt(17)/2+-sqrt(9)/2 = +-sqrt(17)/2+-3/2$

So we find:

$x^4-13x^2+4 = (x-3/2-sqrt(17)/2)(x-3/2+sqrt(17)/2)(x+3/2-sqrt(17)/2)(x+3/2+sqrt(17)/2)$

Alternatively again, consider the following:

$(x^2-hx-2)(x^2+hx-2) = x^4-(4+h^2)x^2+4$

So putting $h=3$ , we find:

$(x^2-3x-2)(x^2+3x-2) = x^4-13x^2+4$

Using the quadratic formula, the zeros of $x^2+-3x-2$ are:

$(+-3+-sqrt(9-4(1)(-2)))/(2*1) = +-3/2+-sqrt(17)/2$

Hence the same linear factorisation as before.

How do you factor x^4 - 13x^2 + 4x^4 - 13x^2 + 4?