First we note that Mg2+ is a magnesium ion. An ion is an atom that has a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.
In the case of Mg2+ there is a positive charge of 2, meaning that this ion has 2 fewer electrons than its parent atom Mg. This also means the remaining electrons in the ion have an even stronger attraction to the protons, pulling them closer to the center of the atom and making the overall atomic radius of the Mg2+ ion smaller than the parent atom.